|
(also known as ''Keiki''; October 28, 1837 – November 22, 1913) was the 15th and last shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. After resigning in late 1867, he went into retirement, and largely avoided the public eye for the rest of his life. ==Early life== Tokugawa Yoshinobu was born in Edo, as the seventh son of Tokugawa Nariaki, daimyo of Mito. Mito was one of the ''gosanke'', the three branch families of the Tokugawa clan which were eligible to be chosen as shogun. His birthname was Matsudaira Shichirōmaro.〔Takano, ''Tokugawa Yoshinobu'', p. 26. Sons of the lord of Mito did not bear the name Tokugawa unless they themselves became the next lord.〕 His mother, Princess Arisugawa Yoshiko, was a member of the Arisugawa-no-miya, a cadet branch of the imperial family; through her, he was a third cousin (once removed) of the then Emperor, Ninkō. Shichirōmaro was brought up under strict, spartan supervision and tutelage.〔Tokugawa, ''Tokugawa yonbyakunen no naishobanashi,'' pp. 138–140.〕 While his father Nariaki respected the second Mito Tokugawa Mitsukuni who had sent off the second and younger sons from Edo to Mito to raise them, Shichirōmaro was seven month old when he arrived in Mito in 1838. He was taught in the literary and martial arts, as well as receiving a solid education in the principles of politics and government at Kōdōkan.〔Takano, p. 28.〕 At the instigation of his father, Shichirōmaro was adopted by the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family in order to have a better chance of succeeding to the shogunate〔Takano, p. 38.〕 and changed his first name to Akimune. He became family head in 1847, coming of age that year, receiving court rank and title, and taking the name Yoshinobu.〔Takano, p. 48.〕 Upon the death of the 13th shogun, Shogun Iesada, in 1858, Yoshinobu was nominated as a potential successor.〔Borton, ''Japan's Modern Century'', p. 40.〕 His supporters touted his skill and efficiency in managing family affairs. However, the opposing faction, led by Ii Naosuke, won out. Their candidate, the young Tokugawa Yoshitomi, was chosen, and became the 14th shogun Iemochi.〔Borton, pp. 39–40.〕 Soon after, during the Ansei Purge, Yoshinobu and others who supported him were placed under house arrest.〔Takano, pp. 12–13.〕 Yoshinobu himself was made to retire from Hitotsubashi headship. The period of Ii's domination of the Tokugawa government was marked by mismanagement and political infighting. Upon Ii's assassination in 1860, Yoshinobu was reinstated as Hitotsubashi family head, and was nominated in 1862 to be the , receiving the position soon afterwards.〔Murray, ''Japan'', p. 362; Kobiyama, ''Matsudaira Katamori no shōgai'', p. 75; Bolitho, ''Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu'', p. 9.〕 At the same time, his two closest allies, Matsudaira Yoshinaga and Matsudaira Katamori, were appointed to other high positions: Yoshinaga as ,〔Kobiyama, p. 75.〕 Katamori as .〔Takano, pp. 132–133.〕 The three men then took numerous steps to quell political unrest in the Kyoto area, and gathered allies to counter the activities of the rebellious Chōshū Domain. They were instrumental figures in the ''kōbu-gattai'' political party, which sought a reconciliation between the shogunate and the imperial court.〔Kobiyama, pp. 84–87; Totman, p. 45; Takano, p. 20.〕 In 1864, Yoshinobu, as commander of the imperial palace's defense, defeated the Chōshū forces in their attempt to capture the imperial palace's in what is called the Kinmon Incident. This was achieved by use of the forces of the Aizu-Satsuma coalition.〔See ''Japan 1853–1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari'', trans. by Ernest Mason Satow. (Tokyo: Naigai Shuppan Kyokai), for more.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tokugawa Yoshinobu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|